diff --git a/internal/vm/frame.go b/internal/vm/frame.go
index 6e6b57d..5a564a2 100644
--- a/internal/vm/frame.go
+++ b/internal/vm/frame.go
@@ -14,18 +14,30 @@ type Frame struct {
 func NewFrame(cl *object.Closure, basePointer int) *Frame {
 	return &Frame{
 		cl:          cl,
-		ip:          -1,
 		basePointer: basePointer,
 	}
 }
 
-// NextOp ...
-func (f *Frame) NextOp() code.Opcode {
-	return code.Opcode(f.Instructions()[f.ip+1])
+func (f *Frame) ReadNextOp() code.Opcode {
+	op := code.Opcode(f.cl.Fn.Instructions[f.ip])
+	f.ip++
+	return op
 }
 
-func (f *Frame) Reset() {
-	f.ip = -1
+func (f *Frame) PeekNextOp() code.Opcode {
+	return code.Opcode(f.cl.Fn.Instructions[f.ip])
+}
+
+func (f *Frame) ReadUint8() uint8 {
+	n := code.ReadUint8(f.cl.Fn.Instructions[f.ip:])
+	f.ip++
+	return n
+}
+
+func (f *Frame) ReadUint16() uint16 {
+	n := code.ReadUint16(f.cl.Fn.Instructions[f.ip:])
+	f.ip += 2
+	return n
 }
 
 func (f *Frame) Instructions() code.Instructions {
diff --git a/internal/vm/vm.go b/internal/vm/vm.go
index 42df88b..c1b316c 100644
--- a/internal/vm/vm.go
+++ b/internal/vm/vm.go
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ import (
 	"monkey/internal/utils"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
-	"strings"
 	"time"
 	"unicode"
 )
@@ -39,13 +38,6 @@ func isTruthy(obj object.Object) bool {
 	}
 }
 
-func nativeBoolToBooleanObject(input bool) *object.Boolean {
-	if input {
-		return True
-	}
-	return False
-}
-
 // executeModule compiles the named module and returns a *object.Module object
 func executeModule(name string, state *VMState) (object.Object, error) {
 	filename := utils.FindModule(name)
@@ -217,11 +209,92 @@ func (vm *VM) pop() object.Object {
 	return o
 }
 
+func (vm *VM) executeLoadBuiltin() error {
+	builtinIndex := vm.frame.ReadUint8()
+	builtin := builtins.BuiltinsIndex[builtinIndex]
+	return vm.push(builtin)
+}
+
+func (vm *VM) executeConstant() error {
+	constIndex := vm.frame.ReadUint16()
+	return vm.push(vm.state.Constants[constIndex])
+}
+
+func (vm *VM) executeAssignGlobal() error {
+	globalIndex := vm.frame.ReadUint16()
+	vm.state.Globals[globalIndex] = vm.pop()
+	return vm.push(Null)
+}
+
+func (vm *VM) executeAssignLocal() error {
+	localIndex := vm.frame.ReadUint8()
+	vm.stack[vm.frame.basePointer+int(localIndex)] = vm.pop()
+	return vm.push(Null)
+}
+
+func (vm *VM) executeSetGlobal() error {
+	globalIndex := vm.frame.ReadUint16()
+
+	ref := vm.pop()
+	if immutable, ok := ref.(object.Immutable); ok {
+		vm.state.Globals[globalIndex] = immutable.Clone()
+	} else {
+		vm.state.Globals[globalIndex] = ref
+	}
+
+	return vm.push(Null)
+}
+
+func (vm *VM) executeGetGlobal() error {
+	globalIndex := vm.frame.ReadUint16()
+	return vm.push(vm.state.Globals[globalIndex])
+}
+
+func (vm *VM) executeSetLocal() error {
+	localIndex := vm.frame.ReadUint8()
+
+	ref := vm.pop()
+	if immutable, ok := ref.(object.Immutable); ok {
+		vm.stack[vm.frame.basePointer+int(localIndex)] = immutable.Clone()
+	} else {
+		vm.stack[vm.frame.basePointer+int(localIndex)] = ref
+	}
+
+	return vm.push(Null)
+}
+
+func (vm *VM) executeGetLocal() error {
+	localIndex := vm.frame.ReadUint8()
+	return vm.push(vm.stack[vm.frame.basePointer+int(localIndex)])
+}
+
+func (vm *VM) executeGetFree() error {
+	freeIndex := vm.frame.ReadUint8()
+	return vm.push(vm.frame.cl.Free[freeIndex])
+}
+
 func (vm *VM) executeLoadModule() error {
 	name := vm.pop()
 	return vm.loadModule(name)
 }
 
+func (vm *VM) executeCurrentClosure() error {
+	currentClosure := vm.frame.cl
+	return vm.push(currentClosure)
+}
+
+func (vm *VM) executeTrue() error {
+	return vm.push(True)
+}
+
+func (vm *VM) executeFalse() error {
+	return vm.push(False)
+}
+
+func (vm *VM) executeNull() error {
+	return vm.push(Null)
+}
+
 func (vm *VM) buildHash(startIndex, endIndex int) (object.Object, error) {
 	hashedPairs := make(map[object.HashKey]object.HashPair)
 
@@ -242,8 +315,9 @@ func (vm *VM) buildHash(startIndex, endIndex int) (object.Object, error) {
 	return &object.Hash{Pairs: hashedPairs}, nil
 }
 
-func (vm *VM) executeMakeHash(startIndex, endIndex int) error {
-	hash, err := vm.buildHash(startIndex, endIndex)
+func (vm *VM) executeMakeHash() error {
+	startIndex := vm.sp - int(vm.frame.ReadUint16())
+	hash, err := vm.buildHash(startIndex, vm.sp)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -261,8 +335,9 @@ func (vm *VM) buildArray(startIndex, endIndex int) (object.Object, error) {
 	return &object.Array{Elements: elements}, nil
 }
 
-func (vm *VM) executeMakeArray(startIndex, endIndex int) error {
-	hash, err := vm.buildArray(startIndex, endIndex)
+func (vm *VM) executeMakeArray() error {
+	startIndex := vm.sp - int(vm.frame.ReadUint16())
+	hash, err := vm.buildArray(startIndex, vm.sp)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -270,6 +345,12 @@ func (vm *VM) executeMakeArray(startIndex, endIndex int) error {
 	return vm.push(hash)
 }
 
+func (vm *VM) executeClosure() error {
+	constIndex := vm.frame.ReadUint16()
+	numFree := vm.frame.ReadUint8()
+	return vm.pushClosure(int(constIndex), int(numFree))
+}
+
 func (vm *VM) executeAdd() error {
 	right := vm.pop()
 	left := vm.pop()
@@ -577,7 +658,9 @@ func (vm *VM) executeGetItem() error {
 	)
 }
 
-func (vm *VM) executeCall(args int) error {
+func (vm *VM) executeCall() error {
+	args := int(vm.frame.ReadUint8())
+
 	callee := vm.stack[vm.sp-1-args]
 	switch callee := callee.(type) {
 	case *object.Closure:
@@ -601,6 +684,25 @@ func (vm *VM) executeReturn() error {
 	return vm.push(returnValue)
 }
 
+func (vm *VM) executeJumpIfFalse() error {
+	pos := int(vm.frame.ReadUint16())
+	if !isTruthy(vm.pop()) {
+		vm.frame.ip = pos
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (vm *VM) executeJump() error {
+	pos := int(vm.frame.ReadUint16())
+	vm.frame.ip = pos
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (vm *VM) executePop() error {
+	vm.pop()
+	return nil
+}
+
 func (vm *VM) callClosure(cl *object.Closure, numArgs int) error {
 	if numArgs != cl.Fn.NumParameters {
 		return fmt.Errorf("wrong number of arguments: want=%d, got=%d", cl.Fn.NumParameters, numArgs)
@@ -608,13 +710,13 @@ func (vm *VM) callClosure(cl *object.Closure, numArgs int) error {
 
 	// Optimize tail calls and avoid a new frame
 	if cl.Fn == vm.frame.cl.Fn {
-		nextOP := vm.frame.NextOp()
+		nextOP := vm.frame.PeekNextOp()
 		if nextOP == code.OpReturn {
 			for p := 0; p < numArgs; p++ {
 				vm.stack[vm.frame.basePointer+p] = vm.stack[vm.sp-numArgs+p]
 			}
 			vm.sp -= numArgs + 1
-			vm.frame.ip = -1 // reset IP to the beginning of the frame
+			vm.frame.ip = 0 // reset IP to the beginning of the frame
 			return nil
 		}
 	}
@@ -688,9 +790,6 @@ func (vm *VM) LastPoppedStackElem() object.Object {
 
 func (vm *VM) Run() (err error) {
 	var n int
-	var ip int
-	var ins code.Instructions
-	var op code.Opcode
 
 	if vm.Debug {
 		start := time.Now()
@@ -700,98 +799,59 @@ func (vm *VM) Run() (err error) {
 	}
 
 	for err == nil {
-		vm.frame.ip++
-
-		ip = vm.frame.ip
-		ins = vm.frame.Instructions()
-		op = code.Opcode(ins[ip])
+		op := vm.frame.ReadNextOp()
 
 		if vm.Debug {
 			n++
 			log.Printf(
 				"%-25s %-20s\n",
-				fmt.Sprintf(
-					"%04d %s", ip,
-					strings.Split(ins[ip:].String(), "\n")[0][4:],
-				),
+				fmt.Sprintf("%04d %s", vm.frame.ip, op),
 				fmt.Sprintf(
 					"[ip=%02d fp=%02d, sp=%02d]",
-					ip, vm.fp-1, vm.sp,
+					vm.frame.ip, vm.fp-1, vm.sp,
 				),
 			)
 		}
 
 		switch op {
 		case code.OpConstant:
-			constIndex := code.ReadUint16(ins[ip+1:])
-			vm.frame.ip += 2
-			err = vm.push(vm.state.Constants[constIndex])
+			err = vm.executeConstant()
 
 		case code.OpPop:
-			vm.pop()
+			err = vm.executePop()
 
 		case code.OpTrue:
-			err = vm.push(True)
+			err = vm.executeTrue()
 
 		case code.OpFalse:
-			err = vm.push(False)
+			err = vm.executeFalse()
 
 		case code.OpJump:
-			pos := int(code.ReadUint16(ins[ip+1:]))
-			vm.frame.ip = pos - 1
+			err = vm.executeJump()
 
 		case code.OpJumpNotTruthy:
-			pos := int(code.ReadUint16(ins[ip+1:]))
-			vm.frame.ip += 2
-			if !isTruthy(vm.pop()) {
-				vm.frame.ip = pos - 1
-			}
+			err = vm.executeJumpIfFalse()
 
 		case code.OpNull:
-			err = vm.push(Null)
+			err = vm.executeNull()
 
 		case code.OpSetGlobal:
-			globalIndex := code.ReadUint16(ins[ip+1:])
-			vm.frame.ip += 2
-
-			ref := vm.pop()
-			if immutable, ok := ref.(object.Immutable); ok {
-				vm.state.Globals[globalIndex] = immutable.Clone()
-			} else {
-				vm.state.Globals[globalIndex] = ref
-			}
-
-			err = vm.push(Null)
+			err = vm.executeSetGlobal()
 
 		case code.OpAssignGlobal:
-			globalIndex := code.ReadUint16(ins[ip+1:])
-			vm.frame.ip += 2
-			vm.state.Globals[globalIndex] = vm.pop()
-
-			err = vm.push(Null)
+			err = vm.executeAssignGlobal()
 
 		case code.OpAssignLocal:
-			localIndex := code.ReadUint8(ins[ip+1:])
-			vm.frame.ip += 1
-
-			vm.stack[vm.frame.basePointer+int(localIndex)] = vm.pop()
-
-			err = vm.push(Null)
+			err = vm.executeAssignLocal()
 
 		case code.OpGetGlobal:
-			globalIndex := code.ReadUint16(ins[ip+1:])
-			vm.frame.ip += 2
-			err = vm.push(vm.state.Globals[globalIndex])
+			err = vm.executeGetGlobal()
 
 		case code.OpArray:
-			numElements := int(code.ReadUint16(ins[ip+1:]))
-			vm.frame.ip += 2
-			err = vm.executeMakeArray(vm.sp-numElements, vm.sp)
+			err = vm.executeMakeArray()
 
 		case code.OpHash:
-			numElements := int(code.ReadUint16(ins[ip+1:]))
-			vm.frame.ip += 2
-			err = vm.executeMakeHash(vm.sp-numElements, vm.sp)
+			err = vm.executeMakeHash()
 
 		case code.OpSetItem:
 			err = vm.executeSetItem()
@@ -800,86 +860,77 @@ func (vm *VM) Run() (err error) {
 			err = vm.executeGetItem()
 
 		case code.OpCall:
-			args := int(code.ReadUint8(ins[ip+1:]))
-			vm.frame.ip++
-			err = vm.executeCall(args)
+			err = vm.executeCall()
 
 		case code.OpReturn:
 			err = vm.executeReturn()
 
 		case code.OpSetLocal:
-			localIndex := code.ReadUint8(ins[ip+1:])
-			vm.frame.ip += 1
-
-			ref := vm.pop()
-			if immutable, ok := ref.(object.Immutable); ok {
-				vm.stack[vm.frame.basePointer+int(localIndex)] = immutable.Clone()
-			} else {
-				vm.stack[vm.frame.basePointer+int(localIndex)] = ref
-			}
-
-			err = vm.push(Null)
+			err = vm.executeSetLocal()
 
 		case code.OpGetLocal:
-			localIndex := code.ReadUint8(ins[ip+1:])
-			vm.frame.ip += 1
-			err = vm.push(vm.stack[vm.frame.basePointer+int(localIndex)])
+			err = vm.executeGetLocal()
 
 		case code.OpGetBuiltin:
-			builtinIndex := code.ReadUint8(ins[ip+1:])
-			vm.frame.ip++
-			builtin := builtins.BuiltinsIndex[builtinIndex]
-			err = vm.push(builtin)
+			err = vm.executeLoadBuiltin()
 
 		case code.OpClosure:
-			constIndex := code.ReadUint16(ins[ip+1:])
-			numFree := code.ReadUint8(ins[ip+3:])
-			vm.frame.ip += 3
-			err = vm.pushClosure(int(constIndex), int(numFree))
+			err = vm.executeClosure()
 
 		case code.OpGetFree:
-			freeIndex := code.ReadUint8(ins[ip+1:])
-			vm.frame.ip += 1
-			err = vm.push(vm.frame.cl.Free[freeIndex])
+			err = vm.executeGetFree()
 
 		case code.OpCurrentClosure:
-			currentClosure := vm.frame.cl
-			err = vm.push(currentClosure)
+			err = vm.executeCurrentClosure()
 
 		case code.OpLoadModule:
 			err = vm.executeLoadModule()
 
 		case code.OpAdd:
 			err = vm.executeAdd()
+
 		case code.OpSub:
 			err = vm.executeSub()
+
 		case code.OpMul:
 			err = vm.executeMul()
+
 		case code.OpDiv:
 			err = vm.executeDiv()
+
 		case code.OpMod:
 			err = vm.executeMod()
+
 		case code.OpOr:
 			err = vm.executeOr()
+
 		case code.OpAnd:
 			err = vm.executeAnd()
+
 		case code.OpBitwiseOR:
 			err = vm.executeBitwiseOr()
+
 		case code.OpBitwiseXOR:
 			err = vm.executeBitwiseXor()
+
 		case code.OpBitwiseAND:
 			err = vm.executeBitwiseAnd()
+
 		case code.OpLeftShift:
 			err = vm.executeLeftShift()
+
 		case code.OpRightShift:
 			err = vm.executeRightShift()
 
 		case code.OpEqual:
 			err = vm.executeEqual()
+
 		case code.OpNotEqual:
 			err = vm.executeNotEqual()
+
 		case code.OpGreaterThan:
 			err = vm.executeGreaterThan()
+
 		case code.OpGreaterThanEqual:
 			err = vm.executeGreaterThanOrEqual()
 
@@ -902,7 +953,7 @@ func (vm *VM) Run() (err error) {
 		if vm.Debug {
 			log.Printf(
 				"%-25s [ip=%02d fp=%02d, sp=%02d]",
-				"", ip, vm.fp-1, vm.sp,
+				"", vm.frame.ip, vm.fp-1, vm.sp,
 			)
 		}
 	}