builtins

code/code.go

@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ const (
 	OpReturn
 	OpGetLocal
 	OpSetLocal
+	OpGetBuiltin
 )
 
 type Definition struct {
@@ -71,6 +72,7 @@ var definitions = map[Opcode]*Definition{
 	OpReturn:        {"OpReturn", []int{}},
 	OpGetLocal:      {"OpGetLocal", []int{1}},
 	OpSetLocal:      {"OpSetLocal", []int{1}},
+	OpGetBuiltin:    {"OpGetBuiltin", []int{1}},
 }
 
 func Lookup(op byte) (*Definition, error) {

compiler/compiler.go

@@ -34,9 +34,16 @@ func New() *Compiler {
 		lastInstruction:     EmittedInstruction{},
 		previousInstruction: EmittedInstruction{},
 	}
+
+	symbolTable := NewSymbolTable()
+
+	for i, v := range object.Builtins {
+		symbolTable.DefineBuiltin(i, v.Name)
+	}
+
 	return &Compiler{
 		constants:   []object.Object{},
-		symbolTable: NewSymbolTable(),
+		symbolTable: symbolTable,
 		scopes:      []CompilationScope{mainScope},
 		scopeIndex:  0,
 	}
@@ -207,11 +214,7 @@ func (c *Compiler) Compile(node ast.Node) error {
 			return fmt.Errorf("undefined varible %s", node.Value)
 		}
 
-		if symbol.Scope == GlobalScope {
+		c.loadSymbol(symbol)
-			c.emit(code.OpGetGlobal, symbol.Index)
-		} else {
-			c.emit(code.OpGetLocal, symbol.Index)
-		}
 
 	case *ast.StringLiteral:
 		str := &object.String{Value: node.Value}
@@ -425,3 +428,14 @@ type Bytecode struct {
 	Instructions code.Instructions
 	Constants    []object.Object
 }
+
+func (c *Compiler) loadSymbol(s Symbol) {
+	switch s.Scope {
+	case GlobalScope:
+		c.emit(code.OpGetGlobal, s.Index)
+	case LocalScope:
+		c.emit(code.OpGetLocal, s.Index)
+	case BuiltinScope:
+		c.emit(code.OpGetBuiltin, s.Index)
+	}
+}

compiler/compiler_test.go

@@ -832,3 +832,43 @@ func testStringObject(expected string, actual object.Object) error {
 
 	return nil
 }
+
+func TestBuiltins(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []compilerTestCase{
+		{
+			input: `
+            len([]);
+            push([], 1);
+            `,
+			expectedConstants: []interface{}{1},
+			expectedInstructions: []code.Instructions{
+				code.Make(code.OpGetBuiltin, 0),
+				code.Make(code.OpArray, 0),
+				code.Make(code.OpCall, 1),
+				code.Make(code.OpPop),
+				code.Make(code.OpGetBuiltin, 5),
+				code.Make(code.OpArray, 0),
+				code.Make(code.OpConstant, 0),
+				code.Make(code.OpCall, 2),
+				code.Make(code.OpPop),
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			input: `fn() { len([]) }`,
+			expectedConstants: []interface{}{
+				[]code.Instructions{
+					code.Make(code.OpGetBuiltin, 0),
+					code.Make(code.OpArray, 0),
+					code.Make(code.OpCall, 1),
+					code.Make(code.OpReturnValue),
+				},
+			},
+			expectedInstructions: []code.Instructions{
+				code.Make(code.OpConstant, 0),
+				code.Make(code.OpPop),
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	runCompilerTests(t, tests)
+}

compiler/symbol_table.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ type SymbolScope string
 const (
 	LocalScope   SymbolScope = "LOCAL"
 	GlobalScope  SymbolScope = "GLOBAL"
+	BuiltinScope SymbolScope = "BUILTIN"
 )
 
 type Symbol struct {
@@ -53,3 +54,9 @@ func (s *SymbolTable) Resolve(name string) (Symbol, bool) {
 
 	return obj, ok
 }
+
+func (s *SymbolTable) DefineBuiltin(index int, name string) Symbol {
+	symbol := Symbol{Name: name, Index: index, Scope: BuiltinScope}
+	s.store[name] = symbol
+	return symbol
+}

compiler/symbol_table_test.go

@@ -166,3 +166,34 @@ func TestResolveNestedLocal(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func TestDefineResolveBuiltins(t *testing.T) {
+	global := NewSymbolTable()
+	firstLocal := NewEnclosedSymbolTable(global)
+	secondLocal := NewEnclosedSymbolTable(firstLocal)
+
+	expected := []Symbol{
+		Symbol{Name: "a", Scope: BuiltinScope, Index: 0},
+		Symbol{Name: "c", Scope: BuiltinScope, Index: 1},
+		Symbol{Name: "e", Scope: BuiltinScope, Index: 2},
+		Symbol{Name: "f", Scope: BuiltinScope, Index: 3},
+	}
+
+	for i, v := range expected {
+		global.DefineBuiltin(i, v.Name)
+	}
+
+	for _, table := range []*SymbolTable{global, firstLocal, secondLocal} {
+		for _, sym := range expected {
+			result, ok := table.Resolve(sym.Name)
+			if !ok {
+				t.Errorf("name %s not resolvable", sym.Name)
+				continue
+			}
+			if result != sym {
+				t.Errorf("expected %s to resolve to %+v, got=%+v",
+					sym.Name, sym, result)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}

evaluator/builtins.go

@@ -1,119 +1,14 @@
 package evaluator
 
 import (
-	"fmt"
 	"monkey/object"
-	"unicode/utf8"
 )
 
 var builtins = map[string]*object.Builtin{
-	"len": &object.Builtin{
+	"len":   object.GetBuiltinByName("len"),
-		Fn: func(args ...object.Object) object.Object {
+	"first": object.GetBuiltinByName("first"),
-			if len(args) != 1 {
+	"last":  object.GetBuiltinByName("last"),
-				return newError("wrong number of arguments. got=%d, want=1", len(args))
+	"rest":  object.GetBuiltinByName("rest"),
-			}
+	"push":  object.GetBuiltinByName("push"),
-
+	"puts":  object.GetBuiltinByName("puts"),
-			switch arg := args[0].(type) {
-			case *object.Array:
-				return &object.Integer{Value: int64(len(arg.Elements))}
-			case *object.String:
-				return &object.Integer{Value: int64(utf8.RuneCountInString(arg.Value))}
-			default:
-				return newError("argument to `len` not supported, got %s", args[0].Type())
-
-			}
-		},
-	},
-
-	"first": &object.Builtin{
-		Fn: func(args ...object.Object) object.Object {
-			if len(args) != 1 {
-				return newError("wrong number of arguments. got=%d, want=1", len(args))
-			}
-			if args[0].Type() != object.ARRAY_OBJ {
-				return newError("argument to `first` must be ARRAY, got %s", args[0].Type())
-			}
-
-			arr := args[0].(*object.Array)
-			if len(arr.Elements) > 0 {
-				return arr.Elements[0]
-			}
-
-			return NULL
-		},
-	},
-
-	"last": &object.Builtin{
-		Fn: func(args ...object.Object) object.Object {
-			if len(args) != 1 {
-				return newError("wrong number of arguments. got=%d, want=1", len(args))
-			}
-			if args[0].Type() != object.ARRAY_OBJ {
-				return newError("argument to `last` must be ARRAY, got %s", args[0].Type())
-			}
-
-			arr := args[0].(*object.Array)
-			length := len(arr.Elements)
-			if length > 0 {
-				return arr.Elements[length-1]
-			}
-
-			return NULL
-		},
-	},
-
-	"rest": &object.Builtin{
-		Fn: func(args ...object.Object) object.Object {
-			if len(args) != 1 {
-				return newError("wrong number of arguments. got=%d, want=1",
-					len(args))
-			}
-			if args[0].Type() != object.ARRAY_OBJ {
-				return newError("argument to `rest` must be ARRAY, got %s",
-					args[0].Type())
-			}
-
-			arr := args[0].(*object.Array)
-			length := len(arr.Elements)
-			if length > 0 {
-				newElements := make([]object.Object, length-1, length-1)
-				copy(newElements, arr.Elements[1:length])
-				return &object.Array{Elements: newElements}
-			}
-
-			return NULL
-		},
-	},
-
-	"push": &object.Builtin{
-		Fn: func(args ...object.Object) object.Object {
-			if len(args) != 2 {
-				return newError("wrong number of arguments. got=%d, want=2",
-					len(args))
-			}
-			if args[0].Type() != object.ARRAY_OBJ {
-				return newError("argument to `push` must be ARRAY, got %s",
-					args[0].Type())
-			}
-
-			arr := args[0].(*object.Array)
-			length := len(arr.Elements)
-
-			newElements := make([]object.Object, length+1, length+1)
-			copy(newElements, arr.Elements)
-			newElements[length] = args[1]
-
-			return &object.Array{Elements: newElements}
-		},
-	},
-
-	"puts": &object.Builtin{
-		Fn: func(args ...object.Object) object.Object {
-			for _, arg := range args {
-				fmt.Println(arg.Inspect())
-			}
-
-			return NULL
-		},
-	},
 }

evaluator/evaluator.go

@@ -319,7 +319,10 @@ func applyFunction(fn object.Object, args []object.Object) object.Object {
 		return unwrapReturnValue(evaluated)
 
 	case *object.Builtin:
-		return fn.Fn(args...)
+		if result := fn.Fn(args...); result != nil {
+			return result
+		}
+		return NULL
 
 	default:
 		return newError("not a function: %s", fn.Type())

object/builtins.go

@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+package object
+
+import "fmt"
+
+var Builtins = []struct {
+	Name    string
+	Builtin *Builtin
+}{
+	{
+		"len",
+		&Builtin{Fn: func(args ...Object) Object {
+			if len(args) != 1 {
+				return newError("wrong number of arguments. got=%d, want=1",
+					len(args))
+			}
+
+			switch arg := args[0].(type) {
+			case *Array:
+				return &Integer{Value: int64(len(arg.Elements))}
+			case *String:
+				return &Integer{Value: int64(len(arg.Value))}
+			default:
+				return newError("argument to `len` not supported, got %s",
+					args[0].Type())
+			}
+		},
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		"puts",
+		&Builtin{Fn: func(args ...Object) Object {
+			for _, arg := range args {
+				fmt.Println(arg.Inspect())
+			}
+
+			return nil
+		},
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		"first",
+		&Builtin{Fn: func(args ...Object) Object {
+			if len(args) != 1 {
+				return newError("wrong number of arguments. got=%d, want=1", len(args))
+			}
+			if args[0].Type() != ARRAY_OBJ {
+				return newError("argument to `first` must be ARRAY, got %s", args[0].Type())
+			}
+
+			arr := args[0].(*Array)
+			if len(arr.Elements) > 0 {
+				return arr.Elements[0]
+			}
+
+			return nil
+		},
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		"last",
+		&Builtin{Fn: func(args ...Object) Object {
+			if len(args) != 1 {
+				return newError("wrong number of arguments. got=%d, want=1", len(args))
+			}
+			if args[0].Type() != ARRAY_OBJ {
+				return newError("argument to `last` must be ARRAY, got %s", args[0].Type())
+			}
+
+			arr := args[0].(*Array)
+			length := len(arr.Elements)
+			if length > 0 {
+				return arr.Elements[length-1]
+			}
+
+			return nil
+		},
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		"rest",
+		&Builtin{Fn: func(args ...Object) Object {
+			if len(args) != 1 {
+				return newError("wrong number of arguments. got=%d, want=1",
+					len(args))
+			}
+			if args[0].Type() != ARRAY_OBJ {
+				return newError("argument to `rest` must be ARRAY, got %s",
+					args[0].Type())
+			}
+
+			arr := args[0].(*Array)
+			length := len(arr.Elements)
+			if length > 0 {
+				newElements := make([]Object, length-1, length-1)
+				copy(newElements, arr.Elements[1:length])
+				return &Array{Elements: newElements}
+			}
+
+			return nil
+		},
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		"push",
+		&Builtin{Fn: func(args ...Object) Object {
+			if len(args) != 2 {
+				return newError("wrong number of arguments. got=%d, want=2",
+					len(args))
+			}
+			if args[0].Type() != ARRAY_OBJ {
+				return newError("argument to `push` must be ARRAY, got %s",
+					args[0].Type())
+			}
+
+			arr := args[0].(*Array)
+			length := len(arr.Elements)
+
+			newElements := make([]Object, length+1, length+1)
+			copy(newElements, arr.Elements)
+			newElements[length] = args[1]
+
+			return &Array{Elements: newElements}
+		},
+		},
+	},
+}
+
+func newError(format string, a ...interface{}) *Error {
+	return &Error{Message: fmt.Sprintf(format, a...)}
+}
+
+func GetBuiltinByName(name string) *Builtin {
+	for _, def := range Builtins {
+		if def.Name == name {
+			return def.Builtin
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}

repl/repl.go

@@ -19,6 +19,9 @@ func Start(in io.Reader, out io.Writer) {
 	constants := []object.Object{}
 	globals := make([]object.Object, vm.GlobalsSize)
 	symbolTable := compiler.NewSymbolTable()
+	for i, v := range object.Builtins {
+		symbolTable.DefineBuiltin(i, v.Name)
+	}
 
 	for {
 		fmt.Fprintf(out, PROMPT)

vm/vm.go

@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ func (vm *VM) Run() error {
 			numArgs := code.ReadUint8(ins[ip+1:])
 			vm.currentFrame().ip += 1
 
-			err := vm.callFunction(int(numArgs))
+			err := vm.executeCall(int(numArgs))
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
@@ -249,6 +249,17 @@ func (vm *VM) Run() error {
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
+
+		case code.OpGetBuiltin:
+			builtinIndex := code.ReadUint8(ins[ip+1:])
+			vm.currentFrame().ip += 1
+
+			definition := object.Builtins[builtinIndex]
+
+			err := vm.push(definition.Builtin)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -465,12 +476,19 @@ func (vm *VM) executeMinusOperator() error {
 	return vm.push(&object.Integer{Value: -value})
 }
 
-func (vm *VM) callFunction(numArgs int) error {
+func (vm *VM) executeCall(numArgs int) error {
-	fn, ok := vm.stack[vm.sp-1-numArgs].(*object.CompiledFunction)
+	callee := vm.stack[vm.sp-1-numArgs]
-	if !ok {
+	switch callee := callee.(type) {
-		return fmt.Errorf("calling non-function")
+	case *object.CompiledFunction:
+		return vm.callFunction(callee, numArgs)
+	case *object.Builtin:
+		return vm.callBuiltin(callee, numArgs)
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("calling non-function and non-built-in")
 	}
+}
 
+func (vm *VM) callFunction(fn *object.CompiledFunction, numArgs int) error {
 	if numArgs != fn.NumParameters {
 		return fmt.Errorf("wrong number of arguments: want=%d, got=%d", fn.NumParameters, numArgs)
 	}
@@ -482,6 +500,27 @@ func (vm *VM) callFunction(numArgs int) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+func (vm *VM) callBuiltin(builtin *object.Builtin, numArgs int) error {
+	args := vm.stack[vm.sp-numArgs : vm.sp]
+
+	result := builtin.Fn(args...)
+	vm.sp = vm.sp - numArgs - 1
+
+	if result != nil {
+		err := vm.push(result)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	} else {
+		err := vm.push(Null)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
 func nativeBoolToBooleanObject(input bool) *object.Boolean {
 	if input {
 		return True

vm/vm_test.go

@@ -106,6 +106,16 @@ func testExpectedObject(t *testing.T, expected interface{}, actual object.Object
 		if actual != Null {
 			t.Errorf("object is not Null: %T (%+v)", actual, actual)
 		}
+
+	case *object.Error:
+		errObj, ok := actual.(*object.Error)
+		if !ok {
+			t.Errorf("object is not Error: %T (%+v)", actual, actual)
+			return
+		}
+		if errObj.Message != expected.Message {
+			t.Errorf("wrong error message. expected=%q, got=%q", expected.Message, errObj.Message)
+		}
 	}
 }
 
@@ -555,3 +565,49 @@ func TestCallingFunctionsWithWrongArguments(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func TestBuiltinFunctions(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []vmTestCase{
+		{`len("")`, 0},
+		{`len("four")`, 4},
+		{`len("hello world")`, 11},
+		{
+			`len(1)`,
+			&object.Error{
+				Message: "argument to `len` not supported, got INTEGER",
+			},
+		},
+		{`len("one", "two")`,
+			&object.Error{
+				Message: "wrong number of arguments. got=2, want=1",
+			},
+		},
+		{`len([1, 2, 3])`, 3},
+		{`len([])`, 0},
+		{`puts("hello", "world!")`, Null},
+		{`first([1, 2, 3])`, 1},
+		{`first([])`, Null},
+		{`first(1)`,
+			&object.Error{
+				Message: "argument to `first` must be ARRAY, got INTEGER",
+			},
+		},
+		{`last([1, 2, 3])`, 3},
+		{`last([])`, Null},
+		{`last(1)`,
+			&object.Error{
+				Message: "argument to `last` must be ARRAY, got INTEGER",
+			},
+		},
+		{`rest([1, 2, 3])`, []int{2, 3}},
+		{`rest([])`, Null},
+		{`push([], 1)`, []int{1}},
+		{`push(1, 1)`,
+			&object.Error{
+				Message: "argument to `push` must be ARRAY, got INTEGER",
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	runVmTests(t, tests)
+}