compile functions

code/code.go

@@ -32,6 +32,9 @@ const (
 	OpArray
 	OpHash
 	OpIndex
+	OpCall
+	OpReturnValue
+	OpReturn
 )
 
 type Definition struct {
@@ -61,6 +64,9 @@ var definitions = map[Opcode]*Definition{
 	OpArray:         {"OpArray", []int{2}},
 	OpHash:          {"OpHash", []int{2}},
 	OpIndex:         {"OpIndex", []int{}},
+	OpCall:          {"OpCall", []int{}},
+	OpReturnValue:   {"OpReturnValue", []int{}},
+	OpReturn:        {"OpReturn", []int{}},
 }
 
 func Lookup(op byte) (*Definition, error) {

compiler/compiler.go

@@ -13,24 +13,37 @@ type EmittedInstruction struct {
 	Position int
 }
 
-type Compiler struct {
+type CompilationScope struct {
-	instructions code.Instructions
+	instructions        code.Instructions
-	constants    []object.Object
-
 	lastInstruction     EmittedInstruction
 	previousInstruction EmittedInstruction
+}
+
+type Compiler struct {
+	constants []object.Object
 
 	symbolTable *SymbolTable
+
+	scopes     []CompilationScope
+	scopeIndex int
 }
 
 func New() *Compiler {
-	return &Compiler{
+	mainScope := CompilationScope{
 		instructions:        code.Instructions{},
-		constants:           []object.Object{},
 		lastInstruction:     EmittedInstruction{},
 		previousInstruction: EmittedInstruction{},
-		symbolTable:         NewSymbolTable(),
 	}
+	return &Compiler{
+		constants:   []object.Object{},
+		symbolTable: NewSymbolTable(),
+		scopes:      []CompilationScope{mainScope},
+		scopeIndex:  0,
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *Compiler) currentInstructions() code.Instructions {
+	return c.scopes[c.scopeIndex].instructions
 }
 
 func NewWithState(s *SymbolTable, constants []object.Object) *Compiler {
@@ -141,14 +154,14 @@ func (c *Compiler) Compile(node ast.Node) error {
 			return err
 		}
 
-		if c.lastInstructionIsPop() {
+		if c.lastInstructionIs(code.OpPop) {
 			c.removeLastPop()
 		}
 
 		// Emit an `OnJump` with a bogus value
 		jumpPos := c.emit(code.OpJump, 9999)
 
-		afterConsequencePos := len(c.instructions)
+		afterConsequencePos := len(c.currentInstructions())
 		c.changeOperand(jumpNotTruthyPos, afterConsequencePos)
 
 		if node.Alternative == nil {
@@ -159,12 +172,12 @@ func (c *Compiler) Compile(node ast.Node) error {
 				return err
 			}
 
-			if c.lastInstructionIsPop() {
+			if c.lastInstructionIs(code.OpPop) {
 				c.removeLastPop()
 			}
 		}
 
-		afterAlternativePos := len(c.instructions)
+		afterAlternativePos := len(c.currentInstructions())
 		c.changeOperand(jumpPos, afterAlternativePos)
 
 	case *ast.BlockStatement:
@@ -240,6 +253,42 @@ func (c *Compiler) Compile(node ast.Node) error {
 
 		c.emit(code.OpIndex)
 
+	case *ast.FunctionLiteral:
+		c.enterScope()
+
+		err := c.Compile(node.Body)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		if c.lastInstructionIs(code.OpPop) {
+			c.replaceLastPopWithReturn()
+		}
+		if !c.lastInstructionIs(code.OpReturnValue) {
+			c.emit(code.OpReturn)
+		}
+
+		instructions := c.leaveScope()
+
+		compiledFn := &object.CompiledFunction{Instructions: instructions}
+		c.emit(code.OpConstant, c.addConstant(compiledFn))
+
+	case *ast.ReturnStatement:
+		err := c.Compile(node.ReturnValue)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		c.emit(code.OpReturnValue)
+
+	case *ast.CallExpression:
+		err := c.Compile(node.Function)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		c.emit(code.OpCall)
+
 	}
 
 	return nil
@@ -260,48 +309,89 @@ func (c *Compiler) emit(op code.Opcode, operands ...int) int {
 }
 
 func (c *Compiler) setLastInstruction(op code.Opcode, pos int) {
-	previous := c.lastInstruction
+	previous := c.scopes[c.scopeIndex].lastInstruction
 	last := EmittedInstruction{Opcode: op, Position: pos}
 
-	c.previousInstruction = previous
+	c.scopes[c.scopeIndex].previousInstruction = previous
-	c.lastInstruction = last
+	c.scopes[c.scopeIndex].lastInstruction = last
 }
 
 func (c *Compiler) Bytecode() *Bytecode {
 	return &Bytecode{
-		Instructions: c.instructions,
+		Instructions: c.currentInstructions(),
 		Constants:    c.constants,
 	}
 }
 
 func (c *Compiler) addInstruction(ins []byte) int {
-	postNewInstruction := len(c.instructions)
+	postNewInstruction := len(c.currentInstructions())
-	c.instructions = append(c.instructions, ins...)
+	updatedInstructions := append(c.currentInstructions(), ins...)
+
+	c.scopes[c.scopeIndex].instructions = updatedInstructions
+
 	return postNewInstruction
 }
 
-func (c *Compiler) lastInstructionIsPop() bool {
+func (c *Compiler) lastInstructionIs(op code.Opcode) bool {
-	return c.lastInstruction.Opcode == code.OpPop
+	if len(c.currentInstructions()) == 0 {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	return c.scopes[c.scopeIndex].lastInstruction.Opcode == op
 }
 
 func (c *Compiler) removeLastPop() {
-	c.instructions = c.instructions[:c.lastInstruction.Position]
+	last := c.scopes[c.scopeIndex].lastInstruction
-	c.lastInstruction = c.previousInstruction
+	previous := c.scopes[c.scopeIndex].previousInstruction
+
+	old := c.currentInstructions()
+	new := old[:last.Position]
+
+	c.scopes[c.scopeIndex].instructions = new
+	c.scopes[c.scopeIndex].lastInstruction = previous
 }
 
 func (c *Compiler) replaceInstruction(pos int, newInstruction []byte) {
+	ins := c.currentInstructions()
+
 	for i := 0; i < len(newInstruction); i++ {
-		c.instructions[pos+i] = newInstruction[i]
+		ins[pos+i] = newInstruction[i]
 	}
 }
 
 func (c *Compiler) changeOperand(opPos int, operand int) {
-	op := code.Opcode(c.instructions[opPos])
+	op := code.Opcode(c.currentInstructions()[opPos])
 	newInstruction := code.Make(op, operand)
 
 	c.replaceInstruction(opPos, newInstruction)
 }
 
+func (c *Compiler) enterScope() {
+	scope := CompilationScope{
+		instructions:        code.Instructions{},
+		lastInstruction:     EmittedInstruction{},
+		previousInstruction: EmittedInstruction{},
+	}
+	c.scopes = append(c.scopes, scope)
+	c.scopeIndex++
+}
+
+func (c *Compiler) leaveScope() code.Instructions {
+	instructions := c.currentInstructions()
+
+	c.scopes = c.scopes[:len(c.scopes)-1]
+	c.scopeIndex--
+
+	return instructions
+}
+
+func (c *Compiler) replaceLastPopWithReturn() {
+	lastPos := c.scopes[c.scopeIndex].lastInstruction.Position
+	c.replaceInstruction(lastPos, code.Make(code.OpReturnValue))
+
+	c.scopes[c.scopeIndex].lastInstruction.Opcode = code.OpReturnValue
+}
+
 type Bytecode struct {
 	Instructions code.Instructions
 	Constants    []object.Object

compiler/compiler_test.go

@@ -421,6 +421,171 @@ func TestIndexExpressions(t *testing.T) {
 				code.Make(code.OpPop),
 			},
 		},
+		{
+			input: `fn() { 1; 2 }`,
+			expectedConstants: []interface{}{
+				1,
+				2,
+				[]code.Instructions{
+					code.Make(code.OpConstant, 0),
+					code.Make(code.OpPop),
+					code.Make(code.OpConstant, 1),
+					code.Make(code.OpReturnValue),
+				},
+			},
+			expectedInstructions: []code.Instructions{
+				code.Make(code.OpConstant, 2),
+				code.Make(code.OpPop),
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	runCompilerTests(t, tests)
+}
+
+func TestFunctions(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []compilerTestCase{
+		{
+			input: "fn() { return 5 + 10 }",
+			expectedConstants: []interface{}{
+				5,
+				10,
+				[]code.Instructions{
+					code.Make(code.OpConstant, 0),
+					code.Make(code.OpConstant, 1),
+					code.Make(code.OpAdd),
+					code.Make(code.OpReturnValue),
+				},
+			},
+			expectedInstructions: []code.Instructions{
+				code.Make(code.OpConstant, 2),
+				code.Make(code.OpPop),
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			input: `fn() { 5 + 10 }`,
+			expectedConstants: []interface{}{
+				5,
+				10,
+				[]code.Instructions{
+					code.Make(code.OpConstant, 0),
+					code.Make(code.OpConstant, 1),
+					code.Make(code.OpAdd),
+					code.Make(code.OpReturnValue),
+				},
+			},
+			expectedInstructions: []code.Instructions{
+				code.Make(code.OpConstant, 2),
+				code.Make(code.OpPop),
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	runCompilerTests(t, tests)
+}
+
+func TestFunctionsWithoutReturnValue(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []compilerTestCase{
+		{
+			input: `fn() { }`,
+			expectedConstants: []interface{}{
+				[]code.Instructions{
+					code.Make(code.OpReturn),
+				},
+			},
+			expectedInstructions: []code.Instructions{
+				code.Make(code.OpConstant, 0),
+				code.Make(code.OpPop),
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	runCompilerTests(t, tests)
+}
+
+func TestCompilerScopes(t *testing.T) {
+	compiler := New()
+	if compiler.scopeIndex != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("scopeIndex wrong. got=%d, want=%d", compiler.scopeIndex, 0)
+	}
+
+	compiler.emit(code.OpMul)
+
+	compiler.enterScope()
+	if compiler.scopeIndex != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("scopeIndex wrong. got=%d, want=%d", compiler.scopeIndex, 1)
+	}
+
+	compiler.emit(code.OpSub)
+
+	if len(compiler.scopes[compiler.scopeIndex].instructions) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("instructions length is wrong. got=%d", len(compiler.scopes[compiler.scopeIndex].instructions))
+	}
+
+	last := compiler.scopes[compiler.scopeIndex].lastInstruction
+	if last.Opcode != code.OpSub {
+		t.Errorf("lastInstruction.OpCode wrong. got=%d, want=%d", last.Opcode, code.OpSub)
+	}
+
+	compiler.leaveScope()
+	if compiler.scopeIndex != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("scopeIndex wrong. got=%d, want=%d", compiler.scopeIndex, 0)
+	}
+
+	compiler.emit(code.OpAdd)
+
+	if len(compiler.scopes[compiler.scopeIndex].instructions) != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("instructions length is wrong. got=%d", len(compiler.scopes[compiler.scopeIndex].instructions))
+	}
+
+	last = compiler.scopes[compiler.scopeIndex].lastInstruction
+	if last.Opcode != code.OpAdd {
+		t.Errorf("lastInstruction.OpCode wrong. got=%d, want=%d", last.Opcode, code.OpSub)
+	}
+
+	previous := compiler.scopes[compiler.scopeIndex].previousInstruction
+	if previous.Opcode != code.OpMul {
+		t.Errorf("previousInstruction.OpCode wrong. got=%d, want=%d", last.Opcode, code.OpMul)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFunctionCalls(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []compilerTestCase{
+		{
+			input: `fn() { 24 }();`,
+			expectedConstants: []interface{}{
+				24,
+				[]code.Instructions{
+					code.Make(code.OpConstant, 0), // The literal "24"
+					code.Make(code.OpReturnValue),
+				},
+			},
+			expectedInstructions: []code.Instructions{
+				code.Make(code.OpConstant, 1), // The compiled function
+				code.Make(code.OpCall),
+				code.Make(code.OpPop),
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			input: `
+            let noArg = fn() { 24 };
+            noArg();
+            `,
+			expectedConstants: []interface{}{
+				24,
+				[]code.Instructions{
+					code.Make(code.OpConstant, 0), // The literal "24"
+					code.Make(code.OpReturnValue),
+				},
+			},
+			expectedInstructions: []code.Instructions{
+				code.Make(code.OpConstant, 1), // The compiled function
+				code.Make(code.OpSetGlobal, 0),
+				code.Make(code.OpGetGlobal, 0),
+				code.Make(code.OpCall),
+				code.Make(code.OpPop),
+			},
+		},
 	}
 
 	runCompilerTests(t, tests)
@@ -502,6 +667,17 @@ func testConstants(t *testing.T, expected []interface{}, actual []object.Object)
 			if err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("constant %d = testStringObject failed : %s", i, err)
 			}
+
+		case []code.Instructions:
+			fn, ok := actual[i].(*object.CompiledFunction)
+			if !ok {
+				return fmt.Errorf("constant %d - not a function: %T", i, actual[i])
+			}
+
+			err := testInstructions(constant, fn.Instructions)
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("constant %d = testInstructions failed: %s", i, err)
+			}
 		}
 	}
 	return nil

compiler/symbol_table_test.go

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ func TestDefine(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	b := global.Define("b")
-	if a != expected["b"] {
+	if b != expected["b"] {
 		t.Errorf("expected b=%+v, got=%+v", expected["b"], b)
 	}
 }

object/object.go

@@ -5,22 +5,24 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"hash/fnv"
 	"monkey/ast"
+	"monkey/code"
 	"strings"
 )
 
 type ObjectType string
 
 const (
-	INTEGER_OBJ      = "INTEGER"
+	INTEGER_OBJ           = "INTEGER"
-	BOOLEAN_OBJ      = "BOOLEAN"
+	BOOLEAN_OBJ           = "BOOLEAN"
-	NULL_OBJ         = "NULL"
+	NULL_OBJ              = "NULL"
-	RETURN_VALUE_OBJ = "RETURN_VALUE"
+	RETURN_VALUE_OBJ      = "RETURN_VALUE"
-	ERROR_OBJ        = "ERROR"
+	ERROR_OBJ             = "ERROR"
-	FUNCTION_OBJ     = "FUNCTION"
+	FUNCTION_OBJ          = "FUNCTION"
-	STRING_OBJ       = "STRING"
+	STRING_OBJ            = "STRING"
-	BUILTIN_OBJ      = "BUILTIN"
+	BUILTIN_OBJ           = "BUILTIN"
-	ARRAY_OBJ        = "ARRAY"
+	ARRAY_OBJ             = "ARRAY"
-	HASH_OBJ         = "HASH"
+	HASH_OBJ              = "HASH"
+	COMPILED_FUNCTION_OBJ = "COMPILED_FUNCTION_OBJ "
 )
 
 type Object interface {
@@ -32,6 +34,10 @@ type Integer struct {
 	Value int64
 }
 
+type CompiledFunction struct {
+	Instructions code.Instructions
+}
+
 func (i *Integer) Type() ObjectType {
 	return INTEGER_OBJ
 }
@@ -219,3 +225,11 @@ func (h *Hash) Inspect() string {
 
 	return out.String()
 }
+
+func (cf *CompiledFunction) Type() ObjectType {
+	return COMPILED_FUNCTION_OBJ
+}
+
+func (cf *CompiledFunction) Inspect() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("CompiledFunction[%p]", cf)
+}